|
|
| The
parrotfishes are abundant around Caribbean
coral reefs, especially in beds of seagrass
or macroalgae. They are typically the
predominant vertebrate herbivores on
and off of the reef. The taxonomy of
scarids in the region is relatively
simple: there are four genera, but virtually
all of the species belong to two large
genera Scarus
and Sparisoma.
The two remaining species comprise the
monotypic Cryptotomus
roseus and Nicholsina
usta, the latter with a sibling
species in the eastern Pacific. |
| |
| Larval
scarids share most of their basic features
with their labrid
relatives, such as long and continuous
dorsal and anal fins with slender spines,
a relatively wide caudal peduncle, stub-like
pelvic fins, a pointed snout and small
terminal mouth, typically light markings
and no spines on the head. They can
be separated from larval labrids by
having a row of melanophores along or
beneath the base of the anal fin, typically
extending into the caudal peduncle.
A number of similar-appearing families
share the anal-fin row of melanophores,
but have many more dorsal and anal-fin
elements, usually twice as many in larval
labrisomids,
chaenopsids, tripterygiids,
and dactyloscopids.
The latter group of larvae also have
narrower caudal peduncles, larger mouths,
long pelvic fins, and the anal-fin row
of melanophores is right at the base
of the fin rays and not deep as in the
parrotfishes. |
| |
| The
parrotfish family is remarkably uniform
in many aspects and all species share
the invariant fin-ray count of D-IX,10
A-III,9. Given the morphological and
meristic consistency of the family,
especially within the two large genera,
DNA-sequence analyses are required for
identifications to the species level. |
| |
| Pre-transitional
scarid larvae can have eyes that are
a narrowed vertical oval, often markedly
so. This character is shared by larval
razorfishes of Xyrichtys
and some larval gobies.
The eye becomes fully round in larval
scarids just before the onset of transitional
markings. |
| | |
|
| |
|
|
| Diagnosis:
Fin-ray counts of D-IX,10 A-III,9 are
shared by all Caribbean parrotfishes, however
a mode of 14-16 pectoral-fin rays indicates
Scarus. The remaining parrotfishes
Sparisoma,
Cryptotomus
roseus, and Nicholsina
usta all have 13 pectoral-fin rays,
while the similar-appearing wrasse Doratonotus
megalepis shares the median-fin-ray
count but has only 11-12 pectoral-fin rays.
There are six Caribbean Scarus species,
with some slight separation by pectoral-fin-ray
count: Scarus
iseri and S.
taeniopterus have 13-14 pectoral-fin
rays (modal 14), S.
vetula has 14, rarely 15, S.
coeruleus usually has 15, and S.
guacamaia and S. coelestinus have 16
pectoral-fin rays. Separating the larvae of
those species with overlapping pectoral-fin ray
counts requires DNA sequencing.
Scarus iseri (often mistakenly cited as Scarus
iserti) vastly outnumbers the other species at most Caribbean locations. |
|
| Analogues:
Wider-bodied Scarus larvae can resemble
larval Doratonotus
megalepis, but the latter do not have
the row of melanophores along the base of
the anal fin. Transitional Scarus
larvae lose their anal-fin base melanophores,
and then the two taxa can be separated by
the pattern of transitional melanophores on
the head. |
|
| Description:
Body relatively thin, typically long and narrow
with a large eye and a terminal small mouth
(some individuals are more wide-bodied and
leaf-shaped and are presumably approaching
transition). Pectoral fins short and pelvic
fins stubs in pre-transitional larvae. Dorsal
and anal-fin bases relatively long, caudal
peduncle short and relatively wide. Lightly
marked; an irregular row of up to 12 melanophores
along or beneath the base of the anal fin
extending into the caudal peduncle. There
is marked variability in the line-up of this
row of melanophores. The typical pattern for
the first seven melanophores is the first
three after the vent are deep in the body
and not along the base of the anal-fin rays
and the next four are located at the base
of the fin rays and can be expanded and appear
larger than the rest (i.e. 3+4, sometimes
4+3). The next in the row is usually well
above the fin base and the then last four
are in a row starting near the base of the
last anal-fin ray slanting up into the caudal
peduncle musculature. Many individuals are
missing some of the row of melanophores, some
show as few as five. There is a variable row
(from none to 10, occasionally 20 or more)
of tiny melanophores along the dorsal midline
of the caudal peduncle (often can be slightly
offset and variably paired), starting just
behind the base of the last dorsal-fin ray.
Melanophores occur internally around the gut
near the vent and often there is an additional
melanophore around the gut well above the
vent along the posterior peritoneum. Series
of transitional larvae show development of
the eye from a narrowed vertical oval, usually
tilted forward with a sometimes marked posterior-inferior
extension of the iris, to large and round
with a relatively small pupil at transition.
Many pre-transitional larvae have a ventral
indentation in the iris, sometimes with a
dorsal indentation as well, and rare individuals
have the narrowed eyes clearly tilted backward.
Some transitional individuals develop a particularly
bulbous eyeball with a tiny pupil. Transitional
larvae develop a scattering of tiny melanophores
on the top of the head along with a bar of
iridophores slanting upward from the back
of the eye and in a stripe from the eye to
the pectoral fin base. On the body, large
leukophores develop along the base of the
dorsal and anal fins and three leukophore
patches appear at the base of the upper, mid,
and lower segmented caudal fin rays. The larval
row of melanophores along the anal-finbase
disappears. Transitional recruits develop
additional melanophores densely covering the
top of the braincase and a scattering on the
snout and along the upper jaw and a stripe
angling upward from the rear of the eye. Additional
melanophores develop in two dense stripes
along the body, wider below the lateral midline
than above. Stripes develop later along the
base of the dorsal and anal fins. |
|
|
|
| Scarus iseri
larva | | 6.7 mm SL | | note
narrowed eye and wide body | | San Blas, Panama,
SB86-506 | |  | | |  |
| Scarus
iseri larva |
| 6.3 mm SL | | San
Blas, Panama, SB86-1103 | |  |
| Scarus
iseri larva |
6.2 mm SL | | note
iris indentation and wide body | | San Blas,
Panama, SB87-201 | |  |
| Scarus
iseri larvae |
| 6.5 and 6.3 mm SL |
note variant above with narrow eye
tilted backwards,
variation in anal fin
base melanophores | | San
Blas, Panama, SB87-201 | |  | | |  | | |  |
| Scarus
iseri larva |
| 6.7 mm SL | | missing
many melanophores in anal-finrow | | San
Blas, Panama, SB81-002 | |  |
| Scarus
iseri early transitional larva |
| 6.8 mm SL |
| fully-round eye before transitional markings |
| San Blas, Panama, SB86-516 | |  |
| Scarus
iseri larva |
| 6.9 mm SL | | San
Blas, Panama, SB86-516 | |  |
| Scarus
iseri larva |
| 7.0 mm SL | variant
with numerous paired
melanophores on caudal peduncle | | San
Blas, Panama, SB86-808 | |  |
| Scarus
iseri transitional larva |
| 6.9 mm SL |
| San Blas, Panama, SB81-001 | |  | | |
 |
| Scarus sp.
transitional recruit |
| 6.9 mm SL |
| anterior body melanophores contracted |
| Barbados 81104, Henri Valles | |  | | |  |
| Scarus
iseri transitional larva |
| 6.9 mm SL |
| San Blas, Panama, SB81-001 | |  |
| | |
| |
|
|
| Diagnosis:
Fin-ray counts of D-IX,10 A-III,9
are shared by all Caribbean parrotfishes,
however pectoral-fin ray counts divide parrotfishes
into two groups: Sparisoma,
Cryptotomus
roseus, and Nicholsina
usta all have 13 pectoral-fin rays,
while Scarus
have a mode of 14-16 pectoral-fin rays (the
wrasse Doratonotus
megalepis also shares the median-fin
ray count but has only 11-12 pectoral-fin
rays). The larvae of the seven Caribbean species
of the genus Sparisoma
(S.
atomarium, S.
aurofrenatum, S.
chrysopterum, S.
radians, S.
rubripinne, and S.
viride; with S.
griseorubra in Venezuela) are likely
indistinguishable from each other and separation
requires DNA sequencing. Cryptotomus
roseus can be excluded since its larvae
appear to be missing the characteristic lateral
melanophore on the body on each side just
above the pelvic-fin insertion. Species differences
that occur after transition are noted in the
individual species descriptions that follow.
Larval Nicholsina
usta cannot be excluded from the type
until those larvae are identified (adults
of the species are not found at the collection
site in Panama). (R) |
| | Note:
the colors, patterns, and markings of juvenile Sparisoma
are remarkably variable and changeable with habitat and mood, indeed
juveniles can change from blotchy to striped to bars to uniformly green as one
observes them in the field. Background color varies widely from reddish to salmon
to yellow to green. Overall, juvenile Sparisoma
show variations in degree of the same general pattern of blotches and body stripes
(which often break up into spots) that are characteristic of the genus. Nevertheless,
there are some diagnostic markings in small juveniles that can help to separate
the species. DNA sequencing is underway at present to identify the species-specific
features of juvenile markings in this genus. | |
| Analogues:
| |
| Description:
Body relatively thin, long and narrow with
a large eye and a terminal small mouth. Pectoral
fins short and pelvic fins usually stubs.
Dorsal and anal-finbases relatively long,
caudal peduncle short and somewhat narrow.
Melanophores consist of one on the body on
each side just above the pelvic-fin insertion,
internally around the gut near the vent, and
in a row of 13 discrete round melanophores
along or often below the base of the anal-fin
and extending into the caudal peduncle (some
larvae have only 12, missing the first in
the series). The melanophores in the row after
the last anal-fin ray are not at the ventral
midline but well into the caudal peduncle
musculature. Series of transitional larvae
show development of the eye from a narrowed
vertical oval tilted forward (sometimes backwards
or no tilt) with a small posterior-inferior
extension of the iris to larger and round
with a smaller pupil at and after transition
(eye usually becomes fully round just before
transitional markings appear). Many pre-transitional
larvae have a marked ventral indentation in
the iris. A small fraction of larval collections
show individuals with head and eye abnormalities
including exophthalmos and a pronounced bulbous
head. It is unclear whether these are artifacts
of collection or true abnormalities. Some
transitional larvae first develop two prominent
leukophore patches above and below the midline
at the base of the segmented caudal fin rays
and then the anal-fin row of melanophores
start to disappear. Others acquire melanophores
first, typically around the eye and on the
first dorsal and anal-fin elements and the
pelvic fin. Early transitional larvae or recruits
develop tiny leukophores along the first dorsal
spines and then in patches spaced along the
base of some dorsal and anal-fin rays. A central
patch of leukophores starts to develop on
the base of the caudal fin rays and then variably
coalesces with the upper and lower patches
into a white bar. Surface melanophores appear
scattered over the top of the head and anterior
upper body and often in patches along the
base of the anal-fin rays (these patches of
tiny surface melanophores are distinct from
the large larval melanophores). Melanophores
also develop along the first dorsal spines
and the proximal pelvic-fin rays with leukophores
on the more distal portions of the spines
and rays. Mid-transitional larvae or recruits
continue to develop a bar of melanophores
below the front of the eyeball and a stripe
forward of the eye which branches down to
the middle of the lower jaw and up across
the mid-upper jaw to the tip of the lower
jaw. Melanophores develop in two upward-angled
stripes from the top and rear of the eyeball
and a downward-angled stripe develops rearward
from the eye across the cheek. A stripe of
iridophores develops slanting upward from
the back of the eye and in a stripe slanting
down across the cheek just above the melanophore
stripe. Melanophores continue to develop in
discrete patches along the base of the dorsal
fin and intensify along the base of the anal
fin. Markings on the body develop from anterior
to posterior, particularly along the lateral
midline. The characteristic larval melanophore
over the pelvic-fin insertion is lost. Late
transitional recruits show a variety of patterning
on the lateral body, mostly in irregular patches
and bars but with variants showing 1) additional
fine melanophores outlining myomeres, 2) a
uniform spotting of small melanophores (S.
viride only ?), or 3) an irregular
mid-lateral stripe. There appear to be few
consistent differences in this pattern among
species until the juvenile stage (about 12
to 14 mm SL) when some distinctions start
to develop. Sparisoma
recruits are notable for expanding
first in body depth and girth for the first
two weeks or so after settlement and then
beginning to increase in length. |
| |
|
| Sparisoma sp. larva | | 9.3 mm SL | | San Blas, Panama, SB84-522 |
|  | | |  |
| Sparisoma sp. larva | | 9.2 mm SL | | San Blas, Panama, SB86-825 |
|  |
| Sparisoma sp. larva | | 9.9 mm SL | | characteristic
rear melanophore pattern | | San Blas, Panama,
SB86-413 | |  |
| Sparisoma sp. larva | | 9.1 mm SL | | narrowed
eye, DNA ID pending | | San Blas, Panama,
SB86-825 | |  |
| Sparisoma sp. larva | | 8.7 mm SL | | iris
extension, DNA ID pending | | San Blas, Panama,
SB82-020 | |  |
| Sparisoma sp. larva | | 9.1 mm SL | | round
eye before any transitional markings | | San Blas,
Panama, SB87-117 | |  |
| Sparisoma sp. transitional larva | | 9.3 mm SL |
loss of some anal row melanophores
DNA ID pending |
| San Blas, Panama, SB86-422 | |  | | |  |
| Sparisoma sp. early transitional larva | | 9.9 mm SL |
eye already round with a small pupil
DNA ID pending |
| Barbados 100802, Henri Valles | |  |
| Sparisoma sp. transitional larva | | 9.8 mm SL |
head and fin melanophores developing
DNA ID pending |
| San Blas, Panama, SB81-037 | |  |
| Sparisoma sp. transitional
larva | | 9.9 mm SL | head
and fin melanophores developing
DNA ID pending | | San
Blas, Panama, SB86-506 | |  |
| Sparisoma sp. late transitional larva | | 10.0 mm SL |
| San
Blas, Panama, SB81-002 | |  |
| Sparisoma sp. early transitional recruit | | 9.2 mm SL |
mostly leukophores, a fine scattering of
anterior and head melanophores
DNA ID pending | | Barbados
81104, Henri Valles | |  |
| Sparisoma viride
early transitional recruit | | 9.9 mm SL |
lightly marked anteriorly, captured with
S.
viride series, DNA ID pending | | SB81-062 |
|  |
| Sparisoma sp. early transitional recruit | | 9.1 mm SL |
variant with irregular lateral stripe and
abdominal midline melanophore
patch
DNA ID pending | | Barbados 81104,
Henri Valles | |  |
| Sparisoma sp. mid transitional recruit | | 9.9 mm SL |
variant with anterior markings and anal fin
base
melanophore patches
DNA ID pending | | Barbados
62903, Henri Valles | |  | | |  |
| Sparisoma sp. mid transitional recruit | | 9.0 mm SL |
| Barbados
81104, Henri Valles | |  |
| Sparisoma sp. late transitional recruit | | 9.8 mm SL |
variant with prominent myomere outlining
DNA
ID pending | | Barbados 62903, Henri Valles |
|  | | |  |
| Sparisoma spp.
early transitional recruits | with head
and eye abnormalities
including exophthalmos and bulbous head
DNA ID pending |
| Barbados V0553, Henri Valles | |  |
| | |
| | |
|
| |
Diagnosis: The
larvae of all Sparisoma may well be identical,
and DNA sequencing is required to identify species. Transitional recruits develop
the basic markings probably shared by all members of the genus, but small juveniles
of Sparisoma acquire distinct patterns
that separate most, if not all, regional species. S.
viride diverges from the remainder of the genus the earliest, with some
individuals smaller than 10 mm SL showing a distinct pattern of markings, in particular
an undivided prominent white bar on the caudal fin base. | |
| Description:
This type shares the characteristic
markings of larval and transitional Sparisoma.
Recruits become distinct early on when the
leukophores on the base of their caudal fin
coalesce into a distinct white bar and they
develop rows of round white spots, with the
two above the pectoral fin most visible. Characteristically,
there are no melanophores extending into the
white bar (at least until about 15 mm SL,
but by then the white bar and rows of white
spots are clearly prominent). |
| |
|
| Sparisoma viride
recruit | | 9.6 mm SL | | variant
with early spot/bar pattern |
| Barbados 62903, Henri Valles | |  |
| Sparisoma viride
recruit | | 9.7 mm SL | | light
markings |
| San Blas, Panama, SB81-077 | |  | | |  |
| Sparisoma viride
recruit | | 11.0 mm SL | | San Blas, Panama, SB81-077 |
|  | | |  |
| Sparisoma viride
recruits | | 11.0 mm and 9.7 mm SL |
| note no melanophores into caudal bar |
| DNA ID pending | | San
Blas, Panama, SB81-077 | |  |
| Sparisoma viride
juvenile | | 12.3 mm SL | | San Blas, Panama, SB81-062 |
|  |
| Sparisoma viride
juveniles | | 14.9 and 13.0 mm SL |
| San Blas, Panama, SB81-060 | |  |
| Sparisoma viride
juvenile | | 15.6 mm SL | after
15 mm SL there is some extension
of melanophores into caudal bar |
| San
Blas, Panama, SB80-091 | |  |
| | |
| |
|
| Diagnosis:
The larvae of all Sparisoma may well
be identical, and DNA sequencing is required to identify species. Transitional
recruits develop the basic markings probably shared by all members of the genus,
but small juveniles of Sparisoma acquire
distinct patterns that separate most, if not all, regional species.
The DNA sequence of the juvenile specimen from Noronha in Brazil confirms that
it is S. radians (Bernardi et al 2005), even
though it displays a peculiar pattern of markings. S.
atomarium may be indistinguishable from S.
radians when juvenile specimens are found in the same habitat. |
| | Description:
This type shares the characteristic markings of larval and transitional Sparisoma.
Recruits become distinct from S.
viride early as melanophores extend onto the base of the central caudal
fin rays and divide the light bar on the tail. The melanophores extending into
the caudal bar extend further below the midline than above (vs. equal above and
below in S. chrysopterum/rubripinne).
Small juveniles tend to have dark patches along the lateral midline mostly below
the level of the lateral line and do not develop an obvious white tail bar. Some
individuals develop a marked bicolor pattern of light above the lateral line and
dark below. Later juveniles are variably mottled with some light striping and
spotting and are only identified by process of exclusion (or DNA sequence analysis).
Individuals from Noronha in Brazil show a pattern of reduced body markings and
intensified black markings on the fins. | | |
|
| Sparisoma radians
juvenile | | 13.3 mm SL | | San Blas, Panama, SB80-101 |
|  | | |  |
| Sparisoma radians
juvenile | | 16.5 mm SL | | San Blas, Panama, SB81-027 |
|  |
| Sparisoma radians
juvenile | | 17.8 mm SL | | San Blas, Panama, SB80-105 |
|  | | |  |
| Sparisoma radians
juvenile | | 18.0 mm SL | | DNA
ID confirmed | | Noronha, Brazil FN01 |
|  |
| Sparisoma sp.
juvenile | | 13.9 mm SL | | San Blas, Panama, SB80-102 |
|  |
| | |
| | |
|
| Diagnosis:
The larvae of all Sparisoma may well
be identical, and DNA sequencing is required to identify species. Transitional
recruits develop the basic markings probably shared by all members of the genus,
but small juveniles of Sparisoma acquire
distinct patterns that separate most, if not all, regional species.
S. chrysopterum and S.
rubripinne may have a similar appearance as juveniles. |
| Description:
This type shares the characteristic markings of larval and transitional Sparisoma.
Recruits become distinct from S.
radians and S. viride
as melanophores extend onto the base of the caudal fin and divide the light bar
on the tail. The tail melanophores extending into the caudal bar are roughly equal
both above and below the midline and the bar is still clearly white. Juveniles
are variably marked, but typically develop an alternating pattern of white and
dark bars. | | |
|
| Sparisoma chrysopterum
+ juvenile | | 14.0 mm SL |
| DNA ID pending | | San
Blas, Panama, SB81-062 | |  | | |  |
| Sparisoma chrysopterum
+ juvenile | | 13.3 mm SL |
| San
Blas, Panama, SB80-103 | |  | | |  |
| | |
| |
|
|
| Diagnosis:
Fin-ray counts of D-IX,10 A-III,9 are shared by all Caribbean parrotfishes,
however pectoral-fin ray counts divide parrotfishes into two groups: Sparisoma,
Cryptotomus roseus, and Nicholsina
usta all have 13 pectoral-fin rays, while Scarus
have a mode of 14-16 pectoral-fin rays (the wrasse Doratonotus
megalepis also shares the median fin-ray count but has 11-12 pectoral-fin rays). This larval type develops into Cryptotomus
roseus when raised in captivity, but the demarkation between C.
roseus and Sparisoma
is unclear. Larval Nicholsina
usta cannot be excluded from the type until those larvae are identified
(adults of the species are not found at the collection site in Panama). (R) |
| | Analogues:
C. roseus is primarily identified by the absence
of the characteristic lateral melanophore of Sparisoma
in a pre-transitional larva (does not apply to transitional larvae).
Additional characters that may assist are the loss (or fading out) of one or more
of the last few anal row melanophores, which correlates well with no lateral melanophore
(also only applicable to pre-transitional larvae). Most C.
roseus larvae do have fewer than 13 melanophores in the anal-fin row. Lastly,
the snout is usually sharply-pointed in this larval type. Unfortunately, transitional
Sparisoma larvae can
lose their lateral melanophore and show a reduced complement of anal row melanophores:
thus the distinction becomes difficult at early transition before the metamorphic
melanophore pattern starts. Furthermore, there is the possibility that some rare
pre-transition Sparisoma
do lack the lateral melanophore and/or the full 13 anal row melanophores (some
larvae have 12 in the row, but are missing the first and not the last). DNA sequence
analyses underway at present should resolve this potential overlap. |
| |
Description: Body
relatively thin, long and narrow with a large eye and a pointed snout and a terminal
small mouth. Pectoral fins medium. Pelvic fins very short. Dorsal and anal-fin bases relatively long, caudal peduncle short and somewhat narrow. Melanophores
occur internally around the gut near the vent, and in a row of 11, 12, or occasionally
13 (but rule out Sparisoma
when 13) discrete round melanophores along the base of the anal fin and extending
into the caudal peduncle (often missing the last in the series). The melanophores
in the row after the last fin ray are not at the ventral midline but can be well
into the caudal peduncle musculature. Series of transitional larvae show development
of the eye from a narrowed vertical oval tilted forward with a small posterior-inferior
extension of the iris to much larger and round at and after transition. Many pre-transitional
larvae have a marked ventral indentation in the iris. Transitional larvae develop
a few scattered melanophores on the top of the head and two arcs from the mid
and upper eye across the top of the head (transitional Sparisoma
have a similar upper arc but do not have the arc starting at the
mid-eye). | | |
|
| Cryptotomus
roseus larva |
| 8.8 mm SL |
| note 13 anal-fin
row melanophores |
| San Blas, Panama,
SB86-604 |
|
 |
| Cryptotomus
roseus larva |
| 8.3 mm SL |
| note 12 anal-fin
row melanophores |
| San Blas, Panama,
SB86-422 |
|
 |
| |
 |
| Cryptotomus
roseus larva |
| 9.5 mm SL |
note reduced
row of caudal
peduncle melanophores |
| San Blas, Panama,
SB86-1028 |
|
 |
Sparisoma
larva, at top
vs. Cryptotomus
roseus larvae below |
| 9.2, 9.2, and
9.3 mm SL |
note reduced
rows of caudal
peduncle melanophores |
| San Blas, Panama,
SB82-020 |
|
 |
| Cryptotomus
roseus larva |
| 9.2 mm SL |
| San Blas, Panama,
SB82-020 |
|
 |
| Cryptotomus
roseus larva |
| 7.8 mm SL |
| San Blas, Panama,
SB81-047 |
|
 |
| Cryptotomus
roseus transitional larva |
| 8.4 mm SL |
| note 13 anal-fin
row melanophores |
| San Blas, Panama,
SB86-608 |
|
 |
| |
 |
| Cryptotomus
roseus recruit |
| 12.4 mm SL |
| large round eye |
| San Blas, Panama,
SB80-093 |
|
 |
| Sparisoma
vs. Cryptotomus
roseus |
| 9.8 mm SL |
the lateral melanophore
is absent,
but all melanophores are very faint |
| San Blas, Panama,
SB86-422 |
|
 |
| |
 |
| | |
| | |
|
| Diagnosis:
Fin-ray counts of D-IX,10 A-III,9 are shared by all Caribbean parrotfishes,
however pectoral-fin ray counts divide parrotfishes into two groups: Sparisoma,
Cryptotomus roseus,
and Nicholsina usta all have 13 pectoral-fin rays, while Scarus
have a mode of 14-16 pectoral-fin rays (the wrasse Doratonotus
megalepis also shares the median fin-ray count but has 11-12 pectoral-fin rays). Larval and transitional markings are unknown, but based on the appearance
of the eastern Pacific sibling species, Nicholsina denticulata, recruits
have a distinct uniformly dark pattern distinct from C.
roseus and Sparisoma |
| Description:
| | |
|
| Nicholsina denticulata
recruit | | 11.9 mm SL | | Baja
California, Mexico B01-628ss | |  | | |  |
| | | |
|
| |
|
| |
| All contents ©
copyright 2006-2009 Benjamin Victor. All rights reserved.
|
| |
|
