|
|
| The serranids, or groupers and seabasses,
are ubiquitous predators on Caribbean coral reefs and come in all shapes and sizes.
Groupers are, or more accurately were, the basis of important fisheries throughout
the region but have become uncommon on fished reefs and some species are even
endangered. This large and diverse family is composed of several clearly-defined
subfamilies. Those subfamilies with Caribbean reef-associated representatives
include the numerous small seabasses and hamlets (Serraninae),
the groupers (Epinephelinae),
the basslets (Liopropominae),
the soapfishes (Grammistinae),
and the small reef bass Pseudogramma
gregoryi, which may be considered either a Grammistinine or a Pseudogrammatinine.
There are a number of deep-water serranids known from the region and they are
included in this section. | | |
| Larval serranids can be recognized
by their relatively wide body, particularly large terminal mouth, large round
eye, continuous spinous and soft dorsal fins with stout, sometimes serrated, dorsal
spines and three stout spines in the anal fin. Unfortunately, most of these characters
are shared with many other percoids, including the abundant snappers (Lutjanidae)
and grunts (Haemulidae).
Within each family there is some variation in larval body form and meristics and
often marked ontogenetic changes as well, leading to a degree of overlap in appearance
and the distinction sometimes can be difficult. In general, the three families
have a different look as larvae: serranids generally have large jaws with a sharp
jawline (essentially a much wider gape than the others), snappers have less prominent
jaws, a more sloping forehead and a non-serrated preopercular spine while grunts
have distinctly smaller larvae with generally narrower bodies and the dorsal fin
spines are typically short. A common feature of larval serranids not shared by
the members of the other families is melanophores along the pectoral fin rays,
often concentrated near the tips. | | |
| Although serranid larvae share
the basic features listed above, the size at settlement varies widely within the
family: hamlets and basslets settle very small, all less than 10 mm SL, while
some epinephelines (such as Epinephelus
spp.) settle particularly large, sometimes reaching up to two inches in
length while still pelagic. | | | |
| |
| |
|
| | Distinguishing
this large group of small serranid fishes from other serranid subfamilies can
be subtle and dorsal and anal fin ray counts are often necessary. All of the regional
serranines have ten dorsal spines while, serendipitously, the other regional serranids
have nine or fewer or eleven or more. In addition, the serranines (except for
the deep-water anthiines) have seven anal fin soft rays and non-serrated fin ray
spines, while the remaining subfamilies of Serranidae have eight or more anal
fin soft rays and sometimes serrated fin ray spines. Some larval snappers (Lutjanidae)
have a similar general appearance but have eight or more anal fin soft rays (and
the prominent preopercular spine). The larval grunts (Haemulidae)
have twelve or more dorsal fin spines and are generally narrower-bodied. There
is certainly some overlap in body shape between the narrower-bodied serranines
(such as the Diplectrum spp.)
and the wider-bodied haemulids,
in which case dorsal fin spine counts are necessary. | |
| The deep-water anthiine serranines
are sometimes raised to their own subfamily Anthiinae, and they are the only serranines
to have some species with a mode of eight anal fin soft rays. | | |
| There are several reef-associated
Caribbean serranine genera, generally separating into two groups by dorsal fin
ray counts: the numerous hamlets (Hypoplectrus
spp.) with D-X,15 and the large genus of basslets (Serranus
spp. +), typically with D-X,12. | | |
| Shallow-water Serranus
spp. separate out somewhat by modal pectoral fin ray counts: a group with
14 comprising S. baldwini
(13-15), S. tigrinus (14),
and S. tortugarum (13-15);
then S. tabacarius with
15 (sometimes 14); S. subligarius with 16
(14-17), and S. flaviventris with 16 (or 17).
There are a number of deeper-water species as well: S.
annularis with 13 (or 14), S. chionaraia
with 14 (or 13), S. luciopercanus with 14,
S. maytagi with 15-16, S.
notospilus and S. phoebe with 15-16
(14-17) and S. atrobranchus with 16 (15-17). |
| | | The
remaining shallow-water serranine genera have sometimes overlapping fin ray counts
with the basslets: three Diplectrum spp.;
D. bivittatum (X,12 Pect-15-16, occ. 14),
D. formosum (X,12 Pect-16-17, up to 18), and
D. radiale (X,12 Pect-16-18, mode 17, from the S. Caribbean);
Paralabrax dewegeri (X,13-14 Pect-17);
Serraniculus pumilio (X,10-11, Pect-14-15); and Schultzea
beta (X,11-12 Pect-16). | | |
| Two deep-water serranines have
fewer dorsal fin soft rays than the others: Parasphyraenops
atrimanus (X,10 III,6 Pect-17) and P. incisus
(X,10 III,7 Pect-17). The Centropristis spp.,
from the Gulf of Mexico north, also can have fewer, with 11 (one with 12) dorsal
fin soft rays and A-III,7 and comprise C. fuscula
(with D-X,12), C. ocyurus (Pect-17), C.
philadelphica (Pect-18) and C. striata
(Pect 16-19). | | |
| The rest of the deep-water
taxa tend to have 13 or more dorsal fin soft rays and include Bullsichthys
caribbaeus (X,13-14 III,7 Pect-14-15) and the anthiines. Anthiines comprise
four Anthias spp. all with D-X,14-15 Pect-18-21,
i.e. Anthias tenuis (III,8), A.
nicholsi (III,7), A. woodsi (X,14,
III,7), and A. asperilinguis (X,15, III,7);
Hemanthias vivanus (X,14, III,8 Pect-18-19),
H. aureorubens (X,13-16,usually 15, III,8
Pect-16-17), and H. leptus (X,14 III,8); Pronotogrammus
martinicensis (X,15 (13-16) III,7-8, Pect-16-18), and, finally, Plectranthias
garrupellus with the unusual fin ray count of X,16 III,7 and Pect-13. (Note:
some of these latter species with eight anal fin rays have identical fin ray counts
to some lutjanids.) | | | |
| |
|
|
|
Diagnosis: Modal fin ray counts of D-X,15 A-III,7
Pect-14 indicate the hamlets, Hypoplectrus spp.
There is a "species flock" of numerous color variations of these fishes in the
Caribbean, many of which can hybridize and the small juveniles are presumably
indistinguishable. Variant larvae with slightly different melanophore patterns
may either represent these different morphospecies or individual variation (or
both). DNA analysis may not be diagnostic, since it has been difficult to find
consistent sequence divergence between morphospecies, at least in Panama (McCartney
et al. 2003 and Ramon et al. 2003). The Caribbean morphospecies comprise
H. aberrans, H. chlorurus, H. gemma, H. gummigata, H. indigo, H. guttavarius,
H. nigricans, H. providencia, H. puella, and
H. unicolor. The median fin ray count can be shared with some deep-water
Caribbean serranids (Anthias nicholsi and
A. asperilinguis, some
Hemanthias aureorubens, and Pronotogrammus
martinicensis), but the latter species have more pectoral fin rays (16
or more). (R) | |
| Analogues:
| |
| Description:
Body thin, wide, and short with a somewhat-narrowed to fully-round eye and very
large terminal mouth. Pectoral fins long, reaching to the vent. Pelvic fins long,
reaching about three-quarters of the way to the vent. Dorsal fin base long and
anal fin base short, caudal peduncle wide and short. The typical complement of
melanophores on the head consists of one at the angle of the jaw and a sparse
scattering on the top of the head. On the body there is one at the dorsal midline
just forward of the first dorsal spine and then two large melanophores on the
ventral midline of the caudal peduncle; one just behind the last anal fin ray
and one just before the first procurrent caudal fin ray (the latter are often
persistent through transition in serranines). Melanophores on the fins are prominent:
the full complement consists of a patch on the membranes of the third to fifth
dorsal fin spines, several near the base of the first three anal fin soft rays,
extensively lining the membranes of the pectoral and pelvic fins and finally one
at the base of the lower central caudal fin rays. Internal melanophores are present
around the sacculus and along the dorsal surface of the swim bladdder and the
peritoneum extending to the gut near the vent. Varying patterns are common: earlier-stage
larvae can be missing the melanophores on top of the head and/or the entire anal
fin, caudal peduncle, and caudal fin set of melanophores. Larvae approaching transition
progressively lose the markings on their pectoral and pelvic fin rays and some
larvae also develop a melanophore on the dorsal midline of the caudal peduncle
(the saddle characteristic of juvenile hamlets). One or both of the ventral caudal
peduncle spots occasionally are missing and sometimes the anal fin has additional
melanophores (sometimes a full row) just distal to the base of the rays. A variety
of additional melanophores occur in some individuals: just forward of the nasal
bones, along the ventral aspect of the lower jaw, an additional melanophore on
the caudal peduncle after the last anal fin ray or a second spot on the base of
the caudal fin rays (usually on the upper central caudal fin rays), or a few scattered
on the caudal fin rays. Pre-transitional larvae have a somewhat-narrowed vertical
oval eye becoming fully round as transition approaches. Transitional larvae develop
a fine scattering of discrete small surface melanophores, dense towards the anterior
and fading towards the tail and the larval melanophores progressively disappear
(usually starting with those on the pectoral fin rays). | |
|
|
| Hypoplectrus sp.
larva | | 7.2 mm SL | | San
Blas, Panama, SB86-1008 | |  | | |  | | |  |
| Hypoplectrus sp.
larva | | 6.6 mm SL | | slightly
vertically narrowed eye | | San Blas, Panama,
SB87-222 | |  |
| Hypoplectrus sp.
early transitional larva | | 7.3 mm SL |
| losing pectoral fin melanophores | | San
Blas, Panama, SB86-1004 | |  | | |  |
| Hypoplectrus sp.
larva | | 6.2 mm SL | variant
pattern, row of melanophores
on all anal fin ray membranes and a
caudal
peduncle spot above midline | | San Blas,
Panama, SB83-179 | |  | | |  |
| Hypoplectrus sp.
larva | | 7.0 mm SL | variant
pattern, with caudal peduncle
spot on dorsal aspect | | San
Blas, Panama, SB86-425 | |  |
| Hypoplectrus sp.
early transitional larva | | 7.0 mm SL |
| variant pattern, with two caudal fin spots |
| San Blas, Panama, SB86-623 | |  |
| Hypoplectrus sp.
transitional larva | | 7.1 mm SL |
variant pattern, with three spots along
ventral aspect
of caudal peduncle | | San Blas, Panama,
SB83-156 | |  | | |  |
| Hypoplectrus sp.
transitional larva | | 6.7 mm SL |
| San Blas, Panama, SB83-156 | |  | | |  |
| | |
| |
|
| | There
are numerous species in this group and DNA sequence analyses indicate that it
is likely that the genus is polyphyletic (M. Craig pers. comm.). Several species
are very similar in general appearance and likely represent a clade of the wider-bodied
species. Based on the shared morphology and markings of juveniles, this clade
comprises S. annularis,
S. baldwini, S.
tabacarius, and S. tortugarum,
along with some, if not all, of the deep-water Serranus
spp. S. tigrinus
is longer-bodied and may group with some other deep-water serranines. The conclusion
awaits detailed phylogenetic studies. Nevertheless, the combination of modal pectoral
fin ray counts and the patterning of black spots along the upper body of transitional
larvae and juveniles should serve to separate most of the species during the transitional
stage. DNA sequence analyses underway at present would be required to distinguish
larvae of the numerous deep-water species. | |
| | |
| |
|
|
| | Diagnosis:
Modal fin ray counts of D-X,12 A-III,7 Pect-14 (13-14) indicate a subset of Serranus
spp. Shallow-water species with this modal fin ray count comprise S.
baldwini, S. tortugarum,
and S. tigrinus (deep-water
species comprise S. chionaraia and S.
luciopercanus). S. annularis,
which is found in deeper water and is very similar in appearance to S.
baldwini, has a mode of 13 pectoral fin rays but cannot be excluded from
the larval type. Transitional larvae and recruits with four black patches along
the base of the spinous dorsal fin indicates S. baldwini.(ML) |
| | Analogues:
New recruit S. tortugarum
have only two black patches at the base of the spinous dorsal fin. New recruit
S. tigrinus have a longer
body and a pointed head and a black patch on the distal portion of the third through
fifth dorsal spines. | |
| Description:
| |
| |
| | |
| | |
| Serannus tortugarum |
| | | | | | | |
| | | |
| | |
| Serranus tortugarum
transitional recruit | | 9.9 mm SL |
| San Blas, Panama, SB82- | |
| |
| | Diagnosis:
Modal fin ray counts of D-X,12 A-III,7 Pect-14 (13-15) indicate a subset of Serranus
spp. Shallow-water species with this modal fin ray count comprise
S. baldwini, S. tortugarum, and S.
tigrinus (deep-water species comprise S.
chionaraia and S. luciopercanus). Transitional
larvae and recruits with two black patches at the base of the spinous dorsal fin
and the black markings on the mid-spinous dorsal fin on the proximal membranes
indicate S. tortugarum. (ML) |
| | Analogues:
S. tabacarius recruits
have the melanophores on the mid-spinous dorsal fin on the distal portion of the
membranes (vs. proximal). New recruit S.
annularis and S. baldwini
have four black patches at the base of the spinous dorsal fin (vs. two). New recruit
S. tigrinus have a longer
body and a pointed head and a black patch on the distal portion of the third through
fifth dorsal spines. | |
| Description:
Body thin, wide, and relatively short with a large round eye and very large terminal
mouth. Pectoral and pelvic fins relatively long, reaching much of the way to the
vent, dorsal fin base long and anal fin base short, caudal peduncle wide and short.
Melanophores on the head only at the angle of the jaw. On the body there is a
large melanophore at the ventral midline of the caudal peduncle just after the
last anal fin ray and a smaller one before the start of the procurrent caudal
fin rays. On the dorsal fin there are patches of melanophores on the membranes
between the third and sixth spines (mid-length on the third, proximal on the fourth
and fifth). Internal melanophores line the dorsal surface of the swim bladder
and peritoneum extending to the gut near the vent. Transitional larvae develop
melanophores in a large patch on top of the head and in a row along the dorsal
midline, starting with four patches: the first just forward of the dorsal fin
origin, the largest on and below the fin membranes at the fourth and fifth dorsal
fin spines, then on and below the last three dorsal fin spines, then on and below
the base of the third through fifth soft dorsal fin rays. At the same time the
larval melanophores are lost from the pectoral and pelvic fin membranes and then
from the body, with the last persisting larval melanophore the one just before
the lower procurrent caudal fin rays. A broad irregular stripe of fine melanophores
extends rearward from the upper edge of the operculum. Melanophores appear on
the iris at about 2, 3, 5, 8, and 11 o'clock. | | |
|
| Serranus sp.
early transitional larva | | 8.1 mm SL |
| 13 pectoral fin rays | | San
Blas, Panama, SB86-101 | |  | | |  |
| Serranus tortugarum
transitional larva | | 7.8 mm SL |
| San Blas, Panama, SB86-623 | |  | | |  |
| Serranus tortugarum
late transitional larva | | 8.0 mm SL |
| San Blas, Panama, SB86-1004 | |  | | |  | | |  |
| Serranus tortugarum
transitional recruit | | 9.9 mm SL |
| San Blas, Panama, SB82- | |  | | |  |
| | |
| | |
|
|
Diagnosis: Modal fin ray counts of D-X,12 A-III,7
Pect-15 indicate several Serranus spp. and
Diplectrum bivittatum.
Serranus tabacarius is the shallow-water species
with this modal fin ray count (deep-water species comprise S.
maytagi, S. notospilus and S. phoebe).
Transitional larvae and recruits have two black patches at the base of the spinous
dorsal fin (vs. S. annularis and S. baldwini)
and the black markings at the distal portion of the spine membranes indicates
Serranus tabacarius (vs. S.
tortugarum). (ML) | |
| Analogues:
S. tortugarum recruits
have the melanophores on the mid-spinous dorsal fin on the proximal portion of
the membranes (vs. distal). New recruit S.
annularis and S. baldwini
have four black patches at the base of the spinous dorsal fin (vs. two). New recruit
S. tigrinus have a longer
body and a pointed head and a black patch on the distal portion of the third through
fifth dorsal spines. D. bivittatum
recruits have a longer body and often have 16 pectoral fin rays. |
| |
Description: Body thin, wide, and relatively short
with a large eye and very large terminal mouth. Pectoral and pelvic fins relatively
long, reaching much of the way to the vent, dorsal fin base long and anal fin
base short, caudal peduncle wide and short. Melanophores on the head only at the
angle of the jaw and at the isthmus. On the body there is a large spot below the
last dorsal spines, another at the ventral midline of the caudal peduncle just
after the last anal fin rays and a smaller one before the start of the procurrent
caudal fin rays. On the dorsal fin there are patches of melanophores on the distal
membranes between the third and eighth spines, and there are melanophores lining
the distal pectoral fin ray membranes and on most of the membranes of the pelvic
fins. There is often a small melanophore near the base of the first anal fin soft
ray and some melanophores along the tips of the anal fin ray membranes. Internal
melanophores line the dorsal surface of the swim bladder and peritoneum extending
to the gut near the vent. There is an additional deep melanophore above the spine
at the level of the last anal fin ray. | | |
| Serranus tabacarius
larva | | 8.2 mm SL | | note
internal melanophores | | San Blas, Panama,
SB86-927 | |  |
| | |
| | |
|
| |
Diagnosis: Modal fin ray counts of D-X,12 A-III,7
Pect-15 and often 16, includes a wide group of serranines including Diplectrum
spp. in shallow waters and Serranus atrobranchus,
S. maytagi, S. notospilus, and S. phoebe
along with Schultzea beta, all in deeper waters.
Shallow-water Serranus spp. are less likely
candidates with S. flaviventrus reportedly
with 16 and sometimes 17 pectoral fin rays and S.
subligarius supposedly a northern Caribbean species. Recruits and juveniles
with prominent lateral stripes indicate Diplectrum
spp. The two species are separated only slightly by modal pectoral fin
ray counts (and scale counts): 15-16 in D. bivittatum
(54-75 lateral-line scales) and 16-17 in D. formosum
(46-55). This larval type could potentially include larvae of D.
formosum, but it may not occur in the Western Caribbean. The remaining
species in the genus, D. radiale, has a mode
of 17 pectoral fin rays. (ML) | |
| Analogues:
| |
| Description:
Body thick, somewhat wide, and long with a large eye and very large terminal mouth.
Pectoral and pelvic fins long, reaching more than half-way to the vent, dorsal
fin base long and anal fin base short, caudal peduncle wide and short. Melanophores
typically at the angle of the jaw, a cluster on the top of the head, and two stripes
of small melanophores, one along the upper body only below the spinous dorsal
fin and one full-length along the lateral midline. There is a row of melanophores
along the base of the anal fin soft rays, one per ray, and several along the ventral
midline of the caudal peduncle ending before the start of the procurrent caudal
fin rays. On the fins, melanophores concentrate on the distal membranes between
the dorsal spines and extensively speckled along the pectoral and pelvic fin ray
membranes. There are often a few melanophores between some of the anal fin rays.
On the caudal fin, there are melanophores at the base of several of the central
lower segmented fin rays and a larger patch at the base of the first two or three
upper segmented caudal fin rays that presents as a slight upward curve of the
main body mid-lateral stripe. Internal melanophores are present along the dorsal
surface of the swim bladder and peritoneum extending to the gut near the vent.
Transitional larvae intensify the two stripes and the mid lateral stripe extends
forward to the tip of the upper jaw and the upper stripe continues irregularly
backwards to the dorsal caudal peduncle. A third short stripe develops on top
of the head from the braincase towards the origin of the dorsal fin. Smaller melanophores
develop between the anterior portions of the main two stripes and just above the
anal fin, as well as in a series of fine patches just below the mid-lateral stripe.
The larval melanophores on the pectoral and pelvic fin ray membranes disappear
rapidly, those between the dorsal spines disappear last. Melanophores appear on
the iris at about 3, 7, 9, and 10 o'clock. | | |
|
| Diplectrum bivittatum
larva | | 12.7 mm SL | | San
Blas, Panama, SB84-627 | |  | | |  |
| Diplectrum bivittatum
transitional larva | | 12.8 mm SL |
| San Blas, Panama, SB86-1001 | |  | | |  | | |  | | |  |
| Diplectrum bivittatum
late transitional larva | | 12.3 mm SL |
| San Blas, Panama, SB86-1002 | |  | | |  |
| Diplectrum bivittatum
late transitional larva | | 12.9 mm SL |
| San Blas, Panama, SB86-1008 | |  |
| | |
| | |
|
| | This
subfamily comprises the large commercially-important groupers of the region. There
are a few genera that are monotypic in the region and then essentially two large
grouper genera, the Epinephelus
spp. and the Mycteroperca
spp. The phylogenetics of the group have been recently elucidated by Craig
and Hastings (2007), and they find that the Epinephelus
spp. and the Mycteroperca
spp. do form two large separate clades apart from the other grouper genera
of the region. Interestingly, Paranthias furcifer falls within the Cephalopholis
spp. clade, despite its derived form and non-benthic habits. |
| | The
basic body form and appearance of many groupers are the same and the two large
genera are most easily separated by the anal fin soft ray count: usually eight
(occasionally nine) in the Epinephelus
spp. and usually 11 or more (rarely 10) in the Mycteroperca
spp. Two small and common reef groupers, the graysby and the coney, are placed
in Cephalopholis spp. (with nine instead of the usual 11 dorsal fin spines).
The remaining regional epinephelines comprise Paranthias furcifer (with D-IX,18-19 A-III,9), Dermatolepis inermis
(with D-XI,18-20 A-III,9), Alphestes afer (with D-XI,18-19
A-III,9), and the deep-water Gonioplectrus hispanus (with D-VIII,13 A-III,7). | |
| Fin ray counts can identify
most Caribbean epinepheline larvae to genus relatively easily. However, within
genera there is a broad overlap of fin ray counts and little variation in body
form, making DNA sequence analyses critical to differentiating the larval groupers. |
| | |
| |
| | |
|
| | |
| |
| | |
| Subfamily Grammistinae | | Rypticus
sp. A | | |
| |
| | Diagnosis:
Reduced spinous dorsal fin, only 2-4 dorsal spines, and no prominent anal fin
spines indicate the soapfishes, Rypticus spp.
There are five species in the southern Caribbean separated into two groups by
the number of dorsal spines: R. saponaceus
has 3 dorsal spines (and 23-25 dorsal rays) and R.
subbifrenatus has 3 or 4 dorsal spines (and 23 dorsal rays, 15 anal rays).
The remaining species have only two dorsal spines:
R. bistrispinus and R. bornoi (= R.
macrostigmus) (the latter with 24-27 dorsal rays, 14-17 anal rays). R.
maculatus is found in US waters only and R.
randalli occurs from Panama to Brazil. This larval type has a much shorter
second dorsal spine (which should exclude R. saponaceus),
along with juvenile markings of a broad dark stripe ending in a triangular point
on the caudal fin, characteristic of R. subbifrenatus
and R. bistrispinus). | |
| Description:
Body relatively thick, wide, and short with a large eye and large terminal mouth.
Pectoral fin rays very long, pelvic fins short, dorsal fin base relatively long
and anal fin base medium, caudal peduncle wide and short. First dorsal spine prominent
and covered in soft tissue, subsequent spines very short. Fins generally covered
in soft tissue membranes. Very few melanophores, typically only along the pectoral
fin rays. | | |
|
| Rypticus sp. A
larva | | 9.6 mm SL | | San
Blas, Panama, SB83-168 | |  |
| Rypticus sp. A
larva | | 10.5 mm SL | | San
Blas, Panama, SB83-169 | |  |
| | |
| |
|
| | Diagnosis:
Reduced spinous dorsal fin, only 2-4 dorsal spines, and no prominent anal fin
spines indicate the soapfishes, Rypticus spp.
There are five species in the southern Caribbean separated into two groups by
the number of dorsal spines: R. saponaceus
has 3 dorsal spines (and 23-25 dorsal rays) and R.
subbifrenatus has 3 or 4 dorsal spines (and 23 dorsal rays, 15 anal rays).
The remaining species have only two dorsal spines:
R. bistrispinus and R. bornoi (= R.
macrostigmus) (the latter with 24-27 dorsal rays, 14-17 anal rays). R.
maculatus is found in US waters only and R.
randalli occurs from Panama to Brazil. This larval type has three dorsal
spines with a large second dorsal spine and a dark juvenile with reticulations
and light-edged median fins characteristic of R.
saponaceus. | |
| Description:
Body relatively thick, wide, and short with a large eye and large terminal
mouth. Pectoral fin rays very long, pelvic fins short, dorsal fin base relatively
long and anal fin base medium, caudal peduncle wide and short. Fins generally
covered in soft tissue membranes. Very few melanophores, typically only along
the pectoral rays. | |
| | Rypticus
sp. larva, 9.6 mm SL (San Blas, Panama, SB83-168) | |
| | |
| |
| |
| Subfamily Pseudogrammatinae | | Pseudogramma
gregoryi | | | | | |
| | Diagnosis:
Modal fin ray counts of D-VII,18-19 A-III,15-16 indicate Pseudogramma
gregoryi. (U) | |
| Description:
Body relatively thin, somewhat long and narrow with a large eye and large terminal
mouth. Pectoral fin rays very long, pelvic fins short, dorsal and anal fin bases
relatively long, caudal peduncle wide and short. | |
| | | |
|
| All contents © copyright 2006 Benjamin
Victor. All rights reserved. | | |
|
